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[3]

Hsieh JJ, Manley BJ, Khan N, Gao J, Carlo MI, Cheng EH. Overcome tumor heterogeneity-imposed therapeutic barriers through con- vergent genomic biomarker discovery: a braided cancer river model of kidney cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017;64:98–106

.

[4]

Xu J, Pham CG, Albanese SK, et al. Mechanistically distinct cancer- associated mTOR activation clusters predict sensitivity to rapamy- cin. J Clin Invest 2016;126:3526–40

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[5]

Voss MH, Hakimi AA, Pham CG, et al. Tumor genetic analyses of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and extended benefit from mTOR inhibitor therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2014;20:1955–64.

[6]

Kwiatkowski DJ, Choueiri TK, Fay AP, et al. Mutations in TSC1, TSC2, and MTOR are associated with response to rapalogs in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:2445–52

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[7]

Hsieh JJ, Chen D, Wang PI, et al. Genomic biomarkers of a random- ized trial comparing first-line everolimus and sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2017;71:405–14

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[8]

Motzer RJ, Barrios CH, Kim TM, et al. Phase II randomized trial comparing sequential first-line everolimus and second-line suni- tinib versus first-line sunitinib and second-line everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:2765–72

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Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med 2012;366:883–92.

[10]

Sankin A, Hakimi AA, Mikkilineni N, et al. The impact of genetic heterogeneity on biomarker development in kidney cancer assessed by multiregional sampling. Cancer Med 2014;3:1485–92.

James J. Hsieh

a,

*

Mahtab Marker

b

[9_TD$DIFF]

David Chen

b

a

[12_TD$DIFF]

Molecular

[13_TD$DIFF]

Oncology,

[14_TD$DIFF]

Washington

[15_TD$DIFF]

University,

[16_TD$DIFF]

St.

[17_TD$DIFF]

Louis,

[18_TD$DIFF]

MO, USA

b

Novartis Oncology, East Hanover, NJ, USA

*Corresponding author.

[21_TD$DIFF]

Washington

[15_TD$DIFF]

University,

[22_TD$DIFF]

660

[23_TD$DIFF]

S.

[24_TD$DIFF]

Euclid

[25_TD$DIFF]

Avenue,

[16_TD$DIFF]

St.

[17_TD$DIFF]

Louis,

[26_TD$DIFF]

MO, USA. Tel. +1

[27_TD$DIFF]

314

[28_TD$DIFF]

273

[29_TD$DIFF]

1688.

E-mail address:

jhsieh@wustl.edu

(J.J. Hsieh).

January 3, 2017

E U R O P E A N U R O L O G Y 7 2 ( 2 0 1 7 ) e 7 4 – e 7 5

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